Caesar And Naopoleon Essay Example For Students

Caesar And Naopoleon Essay Bonapartes success as a military leader and conqueror can also be seen in another great leader, Julius Caesar. Both Napoleon and Caesar achieved great glory by bringing their countries out of turmoil. It was Caesar, that Napoleon modeled himself after, he wanted to be as great, if not greater than Caesar. Looking to the past, Napoleon knew what steps to take in order to achieve success Napoleon devoured books on the art of war. Volume after volume of military theory was read, analyzed and criticized. He studied the campaigns of historys most famous commanders;   Alexander the Great, Hannibal, Frederick the Great and his favorite nd most influential, Julius Caesar (Marrin 17). Julius Caesar was the strong leader for the Romans who changed the course of history of the Greco Roman world decisively and irreversibly. Caesar was able to create the Roman Empire because of his strength and his strong war strategies (Duggan 117). Julius Caesar was to become one of the greatest generals, conquering the whole of Gaul. In 58 BC, Caesar became governor and military commander of Gaul, which included modern France, Belgium, and portions of Switzerland, Holland, and Germany west of the Rhine. For the next eight years, Caesar led military campaigns involving both the Roman egions and tribes in Gaul who were often competing among themselves. Julius Caesar was a Roman general and statesman whose dictatorship was pivotal in Romes transition from republic to empire (Duggan 84). Caesars principles were to keep his forces united; to be vulnerable at no point, to strike speedily at critical points; to rely on moral factors, such as his reputation and the fear he inspired, as well as political means in order to insure the loyalty of his allies and the submissiveness of the conquered nations. He made use of every possible opportunity to increase his chances of victory on the battlefield and, in rder to accomplish this, he needed unity of all his troops (Duggan 117). From the time that he had first faced battle in Gaul and discovered his own military genius, Caesar was evidently fascinated and obsessed by military and imperial problems. He gave them an absolute priority over the more delicate by no less fundamental task of revising the Roman constitution. The need in the latter sphere was a solution which would introduce such elements of authoritarianism, which were necessary to check corruption and administrative weakness (Grant, Caesar 61). The story of all his battles and wars has been reserved in Caesars written account, Commentaries on the Gallic Wars, originally published in 50 B. C. For this period, Caesar is the only existent source providing first-hand descriptions of Britain. While no doubt self-serving in a political sense when written, Caesars account is nevertheless regarded as basically accurate and historically reliable (Frere 68). Caesar was appointed dictator for a year starting in 49 B. C. , for two years in 48 B. C. , for ten years in 46 B. C. and finally dictator for life in 44 B. C. Taking over as Dictator for life, enabled Caesar to gain unrestricted   power. He was ble to run a strong military and even though he was considered only a dictator he wrote laws that actually made him have the same powers as a king. The conspirators saw the problem that had arised and so they planned the murder of Caesar on the Ides of March. Caesar was killed and there was another triumvirate (government ruled by three) formed. Caesar was a strong military leader that had showed strength and courage to take over the town and he was able to form a civilization that was strong militarily and politically (Grant, Caesar 187). Minimum Wage Legislation EssayNapoleon and Caesar took their struggling nations out of turmoil andgavethem order, and for that the people loved them. Caesar put an end tothe Gallic and Civilwars that Rome was involved in, with that, he enteredinto power . Napoleon took Franceout of the French Revolution by overthrowingthe then government, the Directory. Napoleon instated a new government theConsulate and crowned himself first Consul andthree years later, Consul forlife, Caesar became all powerful when named dictator for life. Both men knewin order to be a successful leader, they had to have the full support of themilitary. Power and territory were increased, because there armies were always thebiggestand responsible for putting down any revolts that might occur. Caesar introducedpropagandaand Napoleon followed his lead. Favorable accounts were written whichprovedto give them a political edge, and the support of the people. Caesar was afriendof his people and gave many lands to his soldiers and to the poor,he built bridges, roadsand waterworks. Napoleon was also civil in the beginningof his reign, abolishingserfdom, passing laws and granting universal malesuffrage. Both men were well likeduntil they abused there powers and privileges. They fell for the same reason, too muchpower. Caesar was murdered becausehis role as dictator came to close to being a kingand Napoleon did not knowwhere to draw the line and his army eventually turned againsthim. NapoleonBonaparte was able to rise to power because of another great generalthatcame before him, Julius Caesar. Napoleon was a success because he looked tothepast, and emulated Caesar; he built up his army, conquered most of Europe,became adictator for life and eventually fell from power, because like Caesar,he did not knowwhere to draw the line. BIBLIOGRAPHYCarlyle,Thomas. The French Revolution Complete and Unabridged. New York: RandomHouse, Inc., 1837. Castelot, Andre. Napoleon. New York: Harper RowPublishers Inc., 1971. Duggan, Alfred. Julius Caesar A Great Life in Brief. New York: Borzoi Books,1996. Ellis, Peter Berrsford. Caesars Invasionof Britian. New York: New YorkUniversity Press, 1978. Frere, Sheppard. Britannia: A History of Roman Britain (3rd edition). London:Routledge ;Kegan Paul, 1987. Grab, Walter. The French Revolution The Beginning ofModern Democracy. London: Bracken Books, 1989. Grant, Michael. JuliusCaesar. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1969. Grant, Michael. Caesar. Chicago: Follett Publishing Company, 1975. Herold, J. Christopher. TheAge of Napoleon. New York: American HeritagePublishing Co., Inc., 1963. Herold,J. Christopher and Marshall B. Davidson. The Horizon Book of The AgeofNapoleon. New York: American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc., 1963. Lawford,James. Napoleon The Last Campaigns 1813-1815. New York: CrownPublishersInc., 1977. Marrin, Albert. Napoleon and The Napoleonic Wars. New York:PenguinBooks, 1991. Weidhorn, Manfred. Napoleon. New York: MacmillianPublishing Company,1986.Words/ Pages : 1,646 / 24

Chlamydia (1084 words) Essay Example For Students

Chlamydia (1084 words) Essay ChlamydiabyAshley ChristensenMs. RobinsonPeriod 3 / Sociology2/29/2000IntroductionToday, Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) , are among the most common causes of illness in the United States. People in their teens and twenties are most affected by STD?s, with over 6 million new cases each year, and adults between the ages of 13 and 19 are at the most risk for infection. Chlamydia is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease in the United States today. It is estimated that more than 4 million new cases occur each year in people of all ages, the majority of which is in young adults. 1 Many STD?s are present in today?s society, and people are having sex with the mentality that it could never happen to them. This is not the case at all. Especially with STD?s like Chlamydia. This particular disease is quickly spreading through the nation due to it?s uncommon occurrence of symptoms. People are spreading it around without even knowing that they have it. Chlamydia is at an eve n greater risk in the Santa Clara County, where it is the number one STD among sexually active people in our area.2 Chlamydia is caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. This bacteria can only live inside of cells, therefore it can only be passed on through the exchange of bodily fluids such as semen, blood, breast milk, and vaginal fluids. It can be transmitted during vaginal, oral, or anal sexual contact with an infected partner. Chlamydia can be treated because it is a bacterial infection. If treatment is not prescribed in time, however, the disease most often results in infertility in both men and women. Chlamydia In MenThis infection occurs primarily in the urethra in men. Men are the primary carriers. The symptoms, if present, include things like painful, burning sensations with urination, frequent urination, and unusual discharge of fluids from the penis. Many times, however, Chlamydia goes unnoticed because of a lack of symptoms. The disease can be tested for with a laboratory sample of the cells within the tissue of the urethra. The thought of this test alone is enough to discourage many a man from going into a clinic and getting checked. This and the female test uses a process called DNA amplification to detect the genes of the organisms in genital secretions. Recently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved this process for detection of Chlamydia in urine. This is a major step in diagnosing Chlamydia because it does not require a tissue sample; it can be used in situations where performing a pelvic exam isn?t possible, like in college health units and at health fairs. Results from the urine test are available within 24 hours, another added motivating factor to get tested in the efforts to curb the rise of this STD. Untreated Chlamydia will cause epidiymitis, an inflammation of a part of the male reproductive system located near the testicles, pain and swelling in the scrotum, scarring and blockage in the urethra and vas defrens, and if left untreated long enough, sterility. It can cause proctitis, or an inflamed rectum, and conjunctivitis, or an inflammation of the lining of the eye, as well.3 The bacteria also have been found in the throat as a result of oral sexual contact with an infected partner. Chlamydia in WomenChlamydia in women occurs in the cervix. Women are more likely to not experience any symptoms, therefore the disease often goes untreated. Symptoms that are present may include things like vaginal discharge, pain in the pelvic area, and bleeding between periods. These early symptoms are most often mild, but do progress into severe stages. Chlamydia is tested for in women with something similar to a pap smear, in other words, a sample of the cells lining the cervix is scraped off with a small tool, so it is less intimidating than the male version of the same test. If left untreated the woman may experience an unusual discharge and light bleeding between periods, this bleeding may indicate the spread of infection to the uterus.4 PID, a sign of untreated Chlamydia that occurs in one third of all women infected, can result in scarring of the fallopian tubes, which can block the tubes and prevent fertilization from taking place. Around 100,000 women each year become infe rtile as a result of PID. In other cases, scarring may interfere with the passage of the fertilized egg down into the uterus. When this happens, the egg may implant in the fallopian tube. This is called ectopic or tubal pregnancy. This is life-threatening for the mother and results in the loss of the fetus.5 A baby who is exposed to Chlamydia in the birth canal during delivery may develop conjunctivitis, which is an eye infection, or pneumonia. Symptoms of conjunctivitis, which include discharge and swollen eyelids, usually develop within the first 10 days of life. Symptoms of pneumonia, including a strong cough and congestion, most often develop within three to six weeks of birth. Both conditions can be treated successfully with antibiotics. .udda0b6eb8178b6d2320e1e8049597125 , .udda0b6eb8178b6d2320e1e8049597125 .postImageUrl , .udda0b6eb8178b6d2320e1e8049597125 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udda0b6eb8178b6d2320e1e8049597125 , .udda0b6eb8178b6d2320e1e8049597125:hover , .udda0b6eb8178b6d2320e1e8049597125:visited , .udda0b6eb8178b6d2320e1e8049597125:active { border:0!important; } .udda0b6eb8178b6d2320e1e8049597125 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udda0b6eb8178b6d2320e1e8049597125 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udda0b6eb8178b6d2320e1e8049597125:active , .udda0b6eb8178b6d2320e1e8049597125:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udda0b6eb8178b6d2320e1e8049597125 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udda0b6eb8178b6d2320e1e8049597125 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udda0b6eb8178b6d2320e1e8049597125 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udda0b6eb8178b6d2320e1e8049597125 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udda0b6eb8178b6d2320e1e8049597125:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udda0b6eb8178b6d2320e1e8049597125 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udda0b6eb8178b6d2320e1e8049597125 .udda0b6eb8178b6d2320e1e8049597125-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udda0b6eb8178b6d2320e1e8049597125:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Feature 1 (Not published) EssayTreatmentDoctors usually prescribe antibiotics such as a one-day course of azithromycin or a seven-day course of doxycycline to treat Chlamydial infections. Other antibiotics such as erythromycin or ofloxacin also are effective. Pregnant women can be treated with azithromycin or erythromycin. Amoxicillin is also a safe alternative for treating pregnant women. Penicillin, which is often used for treating some other STDs, is not effective against Chlamydial infections.6 New medications are being developed that should simplify treatment and help control the spread of Chlamydia from mother to baby as well as through sexual intercourse. Because of these risks and risks to the newborn, many doctors recommend routine testing of all pregnant women for a Chlamydial infection. PreventionBecause Chlamydia often occurs without symptoms, people who are infected may unknowingly infect their sex partners. Many doctors recommend that all people who have more than one sex partner, especially women under 25, get tested for Chlamydia regularly, even without symptoms. Using condoms or diaphragms during sexual activities also is an effective way of preventing the spread of this STD.7Thibodeau, Gary A. ?STD?s? The Human Body In Health And DiseaseCopyright 1992. Mosby Year-Book Press. Various Authors. ?Chlamydia? The Columbia Encyclopedia, Third Edition, Copyright 1994 Columbia University Press. BibliographyBibliographyAmerican Social Health Association Research Department?Chlamydia Prevention?Online Article. 1999. Encarta Online Encyclopedia. ?Chlamydia? Online Article. Second Edition. Copyright 1996. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,Survey . 1998.

Tyranny Or Ideal Society Essays - Andean Civilizations, Inca Empire

Tyranny Or Ideal Society Many arguments have occurred over the centuries since the Spanish marched into the Andean highlands and took over the Incan empire, over whether the Incan's were part of an ideal human society, or just a group of tyrannical rulers. While the Incan society had created a stable political, economic, and social system in the Andean world it was far from being an ideal society. On the same note, the Incan's were not tyrannical rulers, did not exploit their subjects or take away their land for no reason. The reading entitled Was Inca Rule Tyrannical? discusses this argument about the Incan empire, tries to classify the form of government the Incan's lived under, and searches for the truth about what the Incan empire was really like. The truth about the Incan empire lies somewhere between the romanticized views, and the views meant to justify the Spanish conquest, while it is impossible to classify in modern terms the form of government the Incan's had. The reading, after giving a brief introduction to the ideas behind the separate articles, is split into three different sections. The first of these sections is the section meant to idealize the Incan empire and cast doubt onto the appropriateness of the Spanish conquest of the Incas. The first two articles were written by conquistadores, Pedro de Cieza de Le?n, and Mancio Sierra de Legu?zamo. They both offer a romanticized view of the Incan culture. Cieza de Le?n tries to paint a picture of the Incas as a ideal culture that tried to avoid war at any cost, while Sierra de Legu?zamo paints a picture of a trusting uncorrupted society of Indians. These views are obviously slightly skewed, because it is hard to believe that anyone who was there at the time of the conquest would have believed that the Incas were an anti-war society. This is only because the Incan empire was in the middle of a brutal civil war at the time of the conquest. The brothers Atahualpa and Huascar had been fightin g over who was the legitimate ruler of the Incas and because of this the Spanish had an easy time taking over the empire. This horribly brutal war witnessed by the conquistadores sheds doubt on the idealness of the Incan society that Cieza de Le?n and Sierra de Legu?zamo try to portray in their descriptions of the Incas. The third article of the first section was written by Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, who was half Incan, and half Spanish. His account of the manner in which the Incas planted and harvested their crops gives a more moderate and believable view of what the Incan empire was really like. His heritage and knowledge of the Incan past gives his writing validity, and because it does not over romanticize the greatness of the Incas, it is a more believable telling of the way the Incan empire worked. The second section of the reading is dedicated to disproving the writing of Las Casas, and to prove that the Spanish conquest of the Incan empire actually saved the Indians from the tyrannical rule of the Incas. Francisco de Toledo was set upon the task of proving that the Incas were tyrannical rulers. The way in which he proved that the Incas were tyrannical rulers, itself, disproved his theory that the Incas were tyrannical. His manner of asking complex yes or no questions, to Indians, through bad translators would not prove without a reasonable doubt that the Incas were tyrannical. This method of investigation does not produce enough empirical data to lead to any kind of conclusion. In addition to that, the fact that Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa wrote an entire history of the Incas from this data and expected people to accept this history as truth is outrageous. The information that was collected during these Informaciones and the history of the Incas by Sarmiento de Gamboa, do not c ome close to justifying the conquest of the Incan empire, due to a lack of any kind of evidence to support their claims of tyranny. The third and final section of the reading was written in the response to trying to classify the Incan type of government using modern governmental

Free Essays on Language And Communication In Culture

"The squeaky wheel gets the grease" Which means it is best to speak up according to Americans. But a saying in Japan the goes; " The nail that sticks out gets hammered back in" which implies that it is better to keep quiet. That is one difference that you can find between cultures but there are also similarities in the way we communicate. The way families communicate are pretty similar wherever you go, Other types of groups have their own way of communicating also. In America it is usually better to be more direct in most situations than in other cultures. If you don't tell people what you want you are seen as being insecure or lacking in confidence. A man especially in today's society must be certain of his statements or he is thought to be soft. Whereas a woman can get away with more indirect way of talking because we are thought to be a weaker sex any way and a woman who always asks for exactly what she she wants is too bossy or a bitch even. Both genders use indirectness but in different situations if they are talking to a boss, co-worker or an employee there are different ways to say and get what you want out of the person(s) being asked. In Japan there is a lot more use of indirectness because it is impolite of a person to demand with directness something even if they are below your status. You are expected to know what you are supposed to do as a person of lower status so you do not really need to be asked but rather state the situation and let them know through indirect statements that they are to take over. In Japan they often give greater value to silence and that some ideas are best communicated without being clearly stated. One of the basic values of the Japanese culture is that of the omoiyari which means "empathy" so you are expected to be in tune to others emotions. "Only an insensitive, uncouth person needs a direct, verbal, complete message", said by a Japanese anthropologist Takie Sugiyama Lebra. Another type of ... Free Essays on Language And Communication In Culture Free Essays on Language And Communication In Culture "The squeaky wheel gets the grease" Which means it is best to speak up according to Americans. But a saying in Japan the goes; " The nail that sticks out gets hammered back in" which implies that it is better to keep quiet. That is one difference that you can find between cultures but there are also similarities in the way we communicate. The way families communicate are pretty similar wherever you go, Other types of groups have their own way of communicating also. In America it is usually better to be more direct in most situations than in other cultures. If you don't tell people what you want you are seen as being insecure or lacking in confidence. A man especially in today's society must be certain of his statements or he is thought to be soft. Whereas a woman can get away with more indirect way of talking because we are thought to be a weaker sex any way and a woman who always asks for exactly what she she wants is too bossy or a bitch even. Both genders use indirectness but in different situations if they are talking to a boss, co-worker or an employee there are different ways to say and get what you want out of the person(s) being asked. In Japan there is a lot more use of indirectness because it is impolite of a person to demand with directness something even if they are below your status. You are expected to know what you are supposed to do as a person of lower status so you do not really need to be asked but rather state the situation and let them know through indirect statements that they are to take over. In Japan they often give greater value to silence and that some ideas are best communicated without being clearly stated. One of the basic values of the Japanese culture is that of the omoiyari which means "empathy" so you are expected to be in tune to others emotions. "Only an insensitive, uncouth person needs a direct, verbal, complete message", said by a Japanese anthropologist Takie Sugiyama Lebra. Another type of ...

Research Unilever and Proctor and Gamble Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Research Unilever and Proctor and Gamble - Essay Example The research aims to bring forth the comparison and contrast of the above principles between the two organizations, Unilever and Proctor and Gamble. Major similarities and differences would be brought forth between the two organizations on the two principles. Fayol’s 14 Principles of Management- Comparison and Contrasts between Unilever and Proctor and Gamble (P&G) Division of work Division or specialization of work is chosen as the first topic to compare between the two organizations. In Proctor and Gamble, division of labor has begun right from the beginning of the company. Since the mid 1850s the company has reinforced division of labor with the initiation of moving operations to Western Row. While Proctor handled the financials and sales, Gamble supervised the factory productions. Now it is seen that the company has four major pillars which account for the main corporate structure of the organization, namely, the global business units, market development organizations, cor porate functions and the global business services (P&G, 2011). The division of labour in Unilever can also be seen from the fact that labor is employed in such activities like food production, distribution, and marketing etc. Its labor division strategies are also seen to be aimed at increasing employment and generating job opportunities. For example, in Indonesia, while the company employs 5000 individuals, an estimate of 300,000 more jobs were supported both in the fields of production as well as distribution (Pfitzer & Krishnaswamy, 2007, p.7). Despite the fact that both organizations demonstrate division of labour as a main component of their corporate structure, however, the degree or extent of specialization and division of tasks is much more in Proctor and Gamble in comparison to Unilever. This is because it represents a highly bureaucratic structure characterized by an authority hierarchy, explicit rules, clear division of labor and impersonality (Andersen & Taylor, 2010, p. 141). On the other hand, there is less labor division in Unilever, which emphasizes more on maintaining a geographical structure where the head in each geographic region is responsible for maintaining profitability in the region while the country managers are responsible for the local sales and marketing of products. Rather it can be said that Unilever reflects both of a geographic as well as a multidivisional structure. In fact now it is even recommended that the company implements a matrix structure in order to tightly coordinate between the geographic regions and the various specializations or divisions (Hill, 2008, p.197). Centralization According to Fayol centralization is considered essential for all organizations and is said to occur as a natural consequence of the organizat

All mentioned in the details Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

All mentioned in the details - Research Paper Example Thesis statement: The after-effects of the ongoing uprising in Egypt prove that the best possible way to restore peace in this region is to introduce federal form of government in Egypt. Egyptian Revolution: The Egyptian Revolution proves that non-democratic rulers cannot survive in the modern world because dictatorship is an outdated political form. In the modern world, the dictators cannot suppress the people by implementing strict laws and regulations. For instance, Hosni Mubarak’s rule in Egypt crushed the positive initiatives undertaken by the former president, Anwar Sadat. One can see that Anwar Sadat undertook the responsibility to create co-operation with neighboring nations, especially with Israel. He was aware of the fact that co-operation can help Egypt to move towards development. But he totally ignored the growth of political Islam in Egypt. On the other side, Hosni Mubarak utilized his influence on the Egyptian military to implement non-democratic ideas. For inst ance, Mubarak made use of the Central Security Forces to suppress those who protested against him. Brownlee (2012) states that, â€Å"Under the aegis of antiterrorism, Mubarak consolidated his rule and blocked alternative movements from gaining control of government† (p.43). ... Instead, he considered the religious fundamentalists as an imminent threat to his regime. Darraj (2007) states that, â€Å"The problem for Mubarak of the rise of Islamic fundamentalism continued to intensify, as fundamentalists called for an Islamic government run by Islamic law† (p.66). During Mubarak’s regime, the governance was under the security chiefs because Mubarak did not give much importance to his ministers. This negative attitude towards ministers, transformed Mubarak to an autocrat. He did not try to solve the problems faced by the people. Instead, he extended his influence on the bureaucratic backbone of Egypt. This helped him to get re-elected more than twice as the president of Egypt. On the other side, the emergency laws implemented by Mubarak limited the individual freedom of the Egyptian citizens. The national political framework became a tool for corruption. Gradually, the people accepted corruption as an easy way to solve the bureaucratic problems. T his helped most of the bureaucrats to enjoy their supremacy in the national politics. On the other side, the people were facing illiteracy and poverty. One can see that poverty is the grass root level reason behind almost all evils in a society. In Egypt, during Mubarak’s rule, illiteracy eventually led to unemployment. Besides, population explosion was another problem in Egypt. The Mubarak government was so interested to implement the Emergency Law because the president feared that the former president’s (say, Anwar Sadat’s) fate may follow him. Currivan (2011) makes clear that, â€Å"After vicious assaults by Mubarak loyalists, the army refused to fire on its own citizens and sided with the people against Mubarak, who eventually stood down on 11 February† (p.178).

Geographic Information Systems Essay Example for Free

Geographic Information Systems Essay The future prospects of geographic technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems), satellite images, remote sensing, and more are increasingly discussed in literature (Matthews and Herbert 2005). Today, GIS software can be used in a highly efficient way. In 18 years, people are likely to be amazed by what is being done with it. This paper projects the possible impacts of the technologies for the public service and democratic society of Auckland in the year 2025. The capabilities of GIS will be analysed. In doing so, an overview of GIS is followed by an analysis of the relationship between this technology and democratic values and implications of this relationship for Auckland society. Future Horizons Hardware and software costs for both personal computers and workstations have been declining steadily during recent years. This trend, combined with the rapid increases in technology development, will dramatically benefit the GIS market. Geographic data are of great size and require several unique hardware and software adaptations for data entry, processing, and output (Donaldson 120). These adaptations include hardware equipment and digitizers, scanners, and plotters. With a healthy development of GIS market, these adaptations will become more sophisticated, easier to use, and less expensive. The GIS market also will supply a variety of hardware and software innovations from which to choose. Bottom-Up GIS In the year 2025, GIS will be cheaper, faster, easier to use, and supplied with more and better data. As large amounts of local data will become easily available in GIS format, the outlook for GIS in local area planning will look very bright. Besides using GIS to inform and analyze in the traditional sense, planners will consider using it as a cognitive tool. In this new approach, people learn to use GIS data to exchange their views concerning planning processes, neighborhood issues, and future wishes. This new view of how GIS can be used in planning emerged from recent concern that traditional use of GIS in planning is top-down, controlled, and technicist (Brown 246). Donaldson (2002) have noted that GIS that is merely technological in orientation will fail to address important issues. Therefore, it is likely that GIS will be used in local communities in a way that is not technicist in a fundamental way. One could predict that GIS will have a more democratic approach to planning in which the processes of communication and interaction are considered. As a result, GIS will be used in a bottom-up way that will let the citizens of Auckland characterize their local environment. As a way to ensure a more bottom-up approach to GIS, planners will focus on the inclusion of local knowledge in GIS. There are some examples in regard to planning. Some researchers (Craig Elwood 1998) studied how local knowledge was incorporated in the creation of GIS databases. Such information as how residents value their homes or their feelings about the concerns of a given area was incorporated. Because these approaches have an objective to provide local residents with greater access to GIS, they are integrated with other community-based uses of GIS (Matthews and Herbert 2005). New approaches will enable residents to use GIS to communicate how they perceive their neighborhood or the locality in which they live, via their description, evaluation, or propositions for their local environment. New approach will be both the tool used to explore an issue and the means of its expression. It will be using GIS as a spatial language tool to have access to local knowledge and communicating residents observations, rather than presenting only objective facts. With this new approach, the citizens of Auckland will be able to redefine the questions asked within GIS. For instance, â€Å"Where are roads most overcrowded? † becomes â€Å"What streets do I consider as inconvenient due to traffic jam? † â€Å"What is the location of parks relative to the location of children? † becomes â€Å"What parks are most frequently visited in my neighborhood and how many children use them? † (Craig Elwood 104) The answers of the residents to the first type of question create an entirely different image than the answers to the second type. The result is that the content of the analysis may be significantly improved. Using this new approach, analysis of residents observations that result through traditional visioning processes in answers such as â€Å"We need to have a better system of transporting† become answers such as â€Å"Here are places where we need to travel and where we prefer to travel,† and â€Å"Here is where we at present can and cannot travel† (Donaldson, 189).